The Upper Grades Standards Edition Unit 4 (Multiplication & Division Level 1) focuses on beginning multiplication and division. Activities progress from concrete to realistic models to visual cues, and finally to abstract numbers. The hundred chart and the multiplication chart are introduced as tools for recognizing relationships between numbers and finding products and quotients. Formal testing procedures are reinforced helping the students become accustomed to a mixture of writing answers and bubbling answers. A variety of questioning styles are used in the pre- and post-tests.